Sunday, November 1, 2009
Ancient City of Petra Discovered
Posted on 9:10 AM by daddi amma
2600 Year Old Ancient City of Petra Discovered Exclusive Article
Nothing really prepares you for the staggering beauty of the amazing
ancient city of Petra, which was carved into the sheer rock face on the
slope of Mount Hor in a great rift valley among the mountains which form
the eastern flank of Wadi Araba, and originally developed over 2600 years
ago by an Arab Tribe.
Petra is located in southwestern Jordan about 50 miles (80 kilometers) south of the Dead Sea, surrounded by towering hills of rust-colored sandstone which gave the city some natural protection against invaders.
Enclosed by towering rocks and watered by a perennial stream, Petra not only possessed the advantages of a fortress but controlled the main commercial routes, turning it into an important center of tradefor silk, spice and other routes that linked China, India and southern Arabia with Egypt, Syria, Greece and Rome.
Although the city may have been accessed from the south in ancient times,
the only entrance to the city is through a 2 kilometer dry water course
called the Siq a dark, narrow gorge of dazzling rock formations and colors
only 10 to 13 feet (3 to 4 meters) wide in areas flanked on either side by
soaring cliffs over 300 feet (100 meters) high.
As you reach the end of the Siq you catch the first glimpse of Petra’s most
elaborate and awe-inspiring ruin, Al-Khazneh the Treasury hewn directly
out of the sandstone cliff, and just the first of the many wonders that
make up Petra.
The Treasury, named as such in the mistaken belief that the urn contained
gold. The massive façade is sculpted out of the sheer rock face with
deeply-carved architectural elements, and dwarves everything around
it at 105 feet (35 meters) wide and 140 feet (43 meters) high, making
it the largest freestanding structure in Petra. It was carved in the early
1st century as the tomb of an important Nabataean king and epitomizes
the engineering genius of these ancient people.
As you enter the valley you’re overwhelmed by outstanding architectural
achievements hundreds of elaborate rock-cut tombs with intricate
carvings. Unlike the houses which were destroyed mostly by
earthquakes,about 500 tombs survived which were carved to last
throughout the afterlife.
The Nabateans believed that the soul departed from the body and
continued to live after death, so it should therefore continue to be fed
and clothed by its living descendants, which is why there are so many
tombs at Petra.
At the foot of the mountain called en-Nejr, a little farther from the Treasury
is a massive Roman-style theatre which could seat 3,000 people. It stands
at the point where the valley opens out into the plain the site of the city,
placed to bring the greatest number of tombs within view.
The amphitheatre was actually cut into the hillside and into several of the
tombs during its construction. Nearly enclosing it on 3 sides are rose-colored
mountain walls, divided into groups by deep fissures, and lined with tombs
cut from the rock in the form of towers.
There are obelisks, temples, sacrificial altars, and streets lined with rows
of columns. A flight of 800 rock cut steps leads you high above,
overlookingthe valley, where the impressive Ad-Deir Monastery is located.
Also known as ad-Dayr in Arabic, the Monastery is so huge that the doorway
is taller than many houses. The façade is some 165 feet (50 meters) high
and 130 feet (40 meters) wide. The door is a staggering 30 feet
(9 meters high).Its name, like most Petra structures, does not reflect
reality; it was possibly a Nabataean temple.
According to Arab tradition, Petra is the spot where Moses struck a rock
with his staff and water came forth, and where Moses’ brother Aaron is
buried at Mount Hor, known today as Jabal Haroun or Mount Aaron.
The Wadi Musa or Wadi of Moses is the Arab name for the narrow valley
at the head of which Petra is sited. A mountaintop shrine of Moses’ sister
Miriam was still shown to pilgrims at the time of Jerome in the 4thcentury,
but its location has not been identified since.
The 13th century shrine built by the Mameluk Sultan Al Nasir Mohammad
to commemorate the death of Aaron, the brother of Moses, can be seen on
top of Mount Aaron in the Sharah range.
There are 2 museums within the site Petra Archaeological Museum and
the Petra Nabataean Museum which display finds from excavations in
the Petra region and an insight into Petra’s intriguing past.
Excavations have revealed that the Nabateans had the ability to control
the water supply that led to the rise of the desert city, in effect creating
an artificial oasis. The area is known to have flash floods and archaeological
evidence shows the Nabateans controlled them by the use of dams, cisterns
and water conduits. Water could be stored water this way even during
prolonged periods of drought, and thecity prospered from its sale.
This road, built from the period when the Romans invaded Petra in 106 AD,
runs across the valley floor, and was once lined with temples, palaces, shops,
and houses.
History of Petra : So far, no method has been found to determine when the
history of Petra began. But evidence suggests Petra from the Latin word
petrae meaning rock was first established around the 6thcentury BC by
the Nabataean Arabs, a nomadic tribe who settled in the area and laid
the foundations of a commercial empire that extended into Syria.
This part of the country was traditionally assigned to the Horites, likely
cave-dwellers, the predecessors of the Edomites. The habits of the
original natives may have influenced the Nabataean custom of burying
the dead and offering worship in half-excavated caves.
The town grew up around its Colonnaded Street in the first century AD
and by the mid-first century had witnessed rapid urbanization. Following
the flow of the Wadi Musa, the city-center was laid out on either sides of
the Colonnaded Street on an elongated plan between the theater in the
east and the Qasr al-Bint in the west.
Among the most remarkable of all Nabataean achievements is the hydraulic
engineering systems they developed including water conservation systems
and the dams that were constructed to divert the rush of swollen winter
waters that create flash floods.
In 131 AD Hadrian, the Roman emperor, visited the site and named it after
himself, Hadriane Petra.
Despite several attempts by the Seleucid king Antigonus, the Roman
emperor Pompey and Herod the Great to bring Petra under the control
of their respective empires, Petra remained largely in Nabataean rule
until around 100AD, when the Romans took over.
It was still inhabited during the Byzantine period, when the former Roman
empire moved its focus to Constantinople. The Byzantine community
recycled many standing structures and rock-cut monuments, while also
constructing their own buildings, including churches such as the recently
excavated Petra Church with the extraordinary mosaics.
Among the rock-cut monuments they reused is the great tomb or
the Ad-Dayr(known as The Monastery), which was modified into a church.
In 363 an earthquake destroyed many buildings, and crippled the vital
water management system. A devastating earthquake had a severe
impact on thecity in 551 AD, which all but brought the city to ruin.
With the rise of Islam, Petra became a backwater community.
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